Our Team
Ingrid Gould Ellen

Ingrid Gould Ellen is the Paulette Goddard Professor of Urban Policy and Planning at NYU’s Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service and Faculty Director of the NYU Furman Center. Her research centers on neighborhoods, housing, and residential segregation. Ingrid is the co-editor of The Dream Revisited: Contemporary Debates About Housing, Segregation, and Opportunity (Columbia University Press, 2018). She is also the author of Sharing America’s Neighborhoods: The Prospects for Stable Racial Integration (Harvard University Press, 2000) and editor of The Dream Revisited: Contemporary Debates about Housing, Segregation and Opportunity (Columbia University Press, 2019) and has published articles in such journals as the Journal of Urban Economics, the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, the Journal of the American Planning Association, and Housing Policy Debate. Ingrid teaches courses in microeconomics, urban economics, and urban policy research. Ingrid has held visiting positions at the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Urban Institute and the Brookings Institution. She attended Harvard University, where she received a Bachelor’s degree in Applied Mathematics, an M.P.P., and a Ph.D. in Public Policy.
Download high-resolution headshot
Publications
Books
- The Dream Revisited: Contemporary Debates about Housing, Segregation and Opportunity. Columbia University Press, 2019
- Sharing America’s Neighborhoods: The Prospects for Stable Racial Integration. Harvard University Press, 2000.
Edited Books and Journals
- Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research: Symposium on Gentrification. Co-edited with Lei Ding. 2016.
- Journal of Housing Economics: Special Issue on Housing Policy in the U.S. Co-edited with Raphael Bostic. 2014.
- Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research: Special Issue on Rental Housing. Co-edited with Vicki Been. 2011.
- How to House the Homeless. Co-edited with Brendan O’Flaherty. Russell Sage Foundation Press, 2010.
Journal Articles
- “Poverty Concentration and the Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program: Effects of Siting and Tenant Composition.” Co-authored with Keren Horn and Katherine O’Regan. Journal of Housing Economics, published on-line, September 2016. (PDF)
- “Why Don’t Housing Choice Voucher Recipients Live Near Better Schools? Insights from Experimental and Big Administrative Data.” Co-authored with Amy Ellen Schwartz and Keren Horn. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, published on-line, June 2016. (PDF)
- “Housing for an Aging Population.” Co-authored with Sewin Chan. Housing Policy Debate, published on-line, July 2016. (PDF)
- “Linking Residents to Opportunity: Gentrification and Public Housing.” Co-authored with Samuel Dastrup. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research. forthcoming. (PDF)
- “Planning for an Uncertain Future: Evaluating the Promise of Multi-Criteria Analysis.” Co-authored with Jessica Yager, Melinda Hanson, and Luke Bosher. Journal of Planning Education and Research, published on-line, September 2016. (PDF)
- “Preserving History or Restricting Development: The Heterogenous Effects of Historic Districts on Local Housing Markets in New York City.” Co-authored with Vicki Been, Michael Gedal, Edward Glaeser, and Brian McCabe. Journal of Urban Economics, 92 (2016): 16-30. (PDF)
- “Does Preservation Accelerate Neighborhood Change? Examining the Impact of Historic Preservation in New York City.” Co-authored with Brian McCabe. Journal of the American Planning Association 82(2), 2016. (PDF)
- “Race and the Housing Cycle: Differences in Home Equity Among Long-Term Homeowners.” Co-authored with Jacob Faber. Housing Policy Debate, published online April 11, 2016. (PDF)
- “Do Homeowners Mark to Market? A Comparison of Self-reported and Market-based Home Value Estimates During the Housing Boom and Bust.” Co-authored with Sewin Chan and Sam Dastrup. Real Estate Economics, forthcoming. (PDF)
- “Desvinculado y Desigual: Do the Effects of Segregation Differ for African Americans and Latinos?” Co-authored with Jorge De la Roca and Justin Steil. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, forthcoming. (PDF)
- “Housing, Neighborhoods, and Children’s Health.” Co-authored with Sherry Glied. Future of Children, 25 (Spring 2015): 135-153. (PDF)
- “Mortgage Foreclosures and the Shifting Context of Crime in Micro-Neighborhoods.” Co-authored with Johanna Lacoe. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Published on-line, February 20, 2015. (PDF)
- “The Foreclosure Crisis and Community Development: Exploring the Foreclosed Stock in Hard-Hit Neighborhoods.” Co-authored with Josiah Madar and Max Weselcouch. Housing Studies, May 30, 2014. (PDF)
- “High Stakes in the Classroom, High Stakes on the Street: The Effects of Community Violence on Students’ Standardized Test Performance.” Co-authored with Patrick Sharkey, Amy Ellen Schwartz, and Johanna Lacoe. Sociological Science, May 27, 2014. (PDF)
- “Do Housing Choice Voucher Holders Live Near Good Schools?” Co-authored with Keren Horn and Amy Ellen Schwartz. Journal of Housing Economics 23(1), 2014: 28-40. (PDF)
- “Race and Neighborhoods in the 21st Century: What Does Segregation Mean Today?” Co-authored with Jorge de la Roca and Katherine O’Regan. Regional Science and Urban Economics 47 (July 2014): 138-151. (PDF)
- “Why Do Higher Income Households Choose Low Income Neighborhoods? Pioneering or Thrift?” Co-authored with Katherine O’Regan and Keren Horn. Urban Studies, 50 (12), 2013: 2478-2495. (PDF)
- “Do Foreclosures Cause Crime?” Co-authored with Johanna Lacoe and Claudia Sharygin. Journal of Urban Economics, 74, 2013: 59–70. (PDF)
- “American Murder Mystery Revisited: Do Housing Voucher Households Cause Crime?” Co-authored with Katherine O’Regan and Michael C. Lens. Housing Policy Debate, 22, 2012: 551-572. (PDF)
- “Pathways to Integration: Examining Changes in the Prevalence of Racially Integrated Neighborhoods.” Co-authored with Katherine O’Regan and Keren Horn. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 14(3); 2012: 33-53. (PDF)
- “Neighborhood Crime Exposure Among Housing Choice Voucher Households.” Co-authored with Michael C. Lens and Katherine O’Regan. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 13(3), 2011: 135-159. (PDF)
- “Does Losing Your Home Mean Losing Your School? Effects of Foreclosures on the School Mobility of Children.” Co-authored with Vicki Been, Amy Ellen Schwartz, Leanna Stiefel, and Meryle Weinstein. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 41(4), 2011: 407-414.
- “Does City-Subsidized, Owner-Occupied Housing Improve School Quality? Evidence from New York.” Co-authored with Amy Ellen Schwartz, Brian McCabe, and Colin Chellman. Journal of the American Planning Association, 77(2), 2011: 127-141.
- “How Neighborhoods Change: Entry, Exit, and Enhancement.” Co-authored with Katherine O’Regan. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 41(2), 2011: 89-97. (PDF)
- “Crime and Urban Flight Revisited: The Effect of the 1990s Drop in Crime on Cities” Co-authored with Katherine O’Regan. Journal of Urban Economics, 68(3), 2010: 247-259. (PDF)
- “Public Schools, Public Housing: The Education of Children Living in Public Housing” Co-authored with Amy Ellen Schwartz, Brian McCabe, and Colin Chellman. Urban Affairs Review, 46(1), 2010: 68-89.
- “Welcome to the Neighborhood: What Can Regional Science Contribute to the Study of Neighborhoods?” Co-authored with Katherine O’Regan. Journal of Regional Science, 50(2), 2010: 363-379. (PDF)
- “Crime and U.S. Cities: Recent Patterns and Implications.” Co-authored with Katherine O’Regan. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science: The Shape of the New American City, 626, 2009: 22-38. (PDF)
- “The Neighborhood Effects of Concentrated Foreclosures.” Co-authored with Jenny Schuetz and Vicki Been. Journal of Housing Economics, 17 (4), 2008: 306-319. (PDF)
- “Immigration and Urban Schools: The Dynamics of Demographic Change in the Nation’s Largest School District.” Co-authored with Dylan Conger and Katherine O’Regan. Education and Urban Society 41(3), 2008: 295-316.
- “Reversal of Fortunes? Low Income Neighborhoods in the 1990s.” Co-authored with Katherine O’Regan. Urban Studies 45(4), 2008: 845-869.
- “The Impact of Business Improvement Districts on Property Values: Evidence from New York City.” Co-authored with Amy Ellen Schwartz and Ioan Voicu. Brookings Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 2007: 1-39. (PDF)
- “Social Programs and Household Size: Evidence from New York.” Co-authored with Brendan O’Flaherty. Population Research and Policy Review 26(4), 2007: 387-409.
- “Does Federally-Subsidized Rental Housing Depress Property Values?” Co-authored with Michael Schill, Amy Schwartz, and Ioan Voicu. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 26(2), 2007: 257-280. (PDF)
- “Disentangling the Racial Test Score Gap in a Large Urban School District: The Contribution of Schools.” Co-authored with Amy Schwartz and Leanna Stiefel. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 26(1), 2007: 7-30.
- “The External Effects of Subsidized Housing.” Co-authored with Amy Ellen Schwartz and Ioan Voicu. Regional Science and Urban Economics 36(2006): 679-707. (PDF)
- “Nonprofit Housing and Neighborhood Spillovers.” Co-authored with Ioan Voicu. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 25(2006): 31-52. (PDF)
- “Revitalizing Inner-City Neighborhoods: New York City’s Ten Year Plan for Housing.” Co-authored with Michael Schill, Amy Ellen Schwartz, and Ioan Voicu. Housing Policy Debate 13(3), 2002: 529-566. (PDF)
- “Immigrant Children and Urban Schools: Evidence from New York City on Segregation and its Consequences for Schooling.” Co-authored with Katherine O’Regan, Amy Ellen Schwartz, and Leanna Stiefel. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 2002: 183-214.
- “Telecommuting and the Demand for Urban Living: A Preliminary Look at White-Collar Workers.” Co-authored with Katherine Hempstead. Urban Studies 39(4), 2002: 749-766.
- “Building Homes, Reviving Neighborhoods: Spillovers from Subsidized Construction of Owner-Occupied Housing in New York City.” Co-authored with Michael H. Schill, Amy Ellen Schwartz, and Scott Susin. Journal of Housing Research 12(2), 2001: 185–216. Reprinted in Eric Belsky, ed., Low-Income Homeownership: Examining the Unexamined Goal. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2002. (PDF)
- “Neighborhood Effects on Health: Exploring the Links and Assessing the Evidence.” Co-authored with Tod Mijanovich and Keri-Nicole Dillman. Journal of Urban Affairs 23(3-4), 2001: 391-408.
- “Is Segregation Bad for Your Health? The Case of Low Birth Weight.” Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs 2000: 203-229. (PDF)
- “Race-Based Neighborhood Projection: A Proposed Framework for Understanding New Data on Racial Integration.” Urban Studies 37(9), 2000: 1513-1533.
- “Stable, Racial Integration in the Contemporary United States: An Empirical Overview.” Journal of Urban Affairs 20 (1), 1998: 27-42.
- "Does Neighborhood Matter? Assessing Recent Evidence." Co-authored with Margery Turner. Housing Policy Debate 8(4), 1997: 833-866.
Law Review Articles
- “The High Cost of Segregation: Exploring Racial Disparities in High Cost Lending.” Co-authored with Vicki Been and Josiah Madar. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 361 (2009).
Book Chapters
- “Balancing the Costs and Benefits of Historic Preservation.” Co-authored with Brian McCabe. In Lee Fennell and Ben Keys, Eds., Evidence and Innovation in Housing Law and Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, Forthcoming.
- “Low Income Housing Policy.” Co-authored with Rob Collinson and Jens Ludwig. In Robert Moffit, Economics of Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, Forthcoming.
- “Race, Poverty, and Federal Rental Housing Policy.” Co-authored with Jessica Yager. In HUD at 50: Creating Pathways to Opportunity. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, November 2015.
- “How New York Housing Policies Are Different—and Maybe Why.” Co-authored with Brendan O’Flaherty. In Andrew Beveridge and David Halle, New York City-Los Angeles: The Uncertain Future. Oxford University Press, 2013.
- “Racial Segregation in Multiethnic Schools: Adding Immigrants to the Analysis.” Co-authored with Katherine O’Regan. In William Tate, Ed., Research on Schools, Neighborhoods and Communities: Toward Civic Responsibility. Rowman and Littlefield Publishing. 2012, pp. 67-82.
- “Gentrification: Perspectives of Economists and Planners.” Co-authored with Katherine O’Regan. In Nancy Brooks, Kieran Donaghy, and Gerrit Knaap, Eds., Handbook of Urban Economics and Planning. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
- “The Secondary Market for Housing Finance in the United States: A Brief Overview.” Co-authored with John Napier Tye and Mark Willis. In Marvin Smith and Susan Wachter, Ed., The American Mortgage System: Rethink, Recover, Rebuild. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, pp. 7-25
- “Improving U.S. Housing Finance through Reform of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: A Framework for Evaluating Alternatives.” Co-authored with Mark Willis. In Marvin Smith and Susan Wachter, Eds., The American Mortgage System: Rethink, Recover, Rebuild. Philadelphia, PA, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, pp. 305-338.
- “Exploring Changes in Low-Income Neighborhoods in the 1990s.” Co-authored with Katherine O’Regan. In Harriet Newburger, Eugenia Birch and Susan Wachter, Eds., Neighborhood and Life Chances: How Place Matters in Modern America. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011, pp. 103-121. (PDF)
- “Introduction.” Co-authored with Brendan O’Flaherty. In Ingrid Gould Ellen and Brendan O’Flaherty, How to House the Homeless. Russell Sage Foundation Press, 2010.
- “Siting, Spillovers, and Segregation: A Re-examination of the Low Income Housing Tax Credit Program.” Co-authored with Katherine O’Regan and Ioan Voicu. In Edward Glaeser and John Quigley, Eds., Housing Markets and the Economy: Risk, Regulation, Policy; Essays in Honor of Karl Case. Cambridge, Mass: Lincoln Institute for Land Policy, 2009, pp. 233-267.
- “Do Economically Integrated Neighborhoods Have Economically Integrated Schools?” Co-authored with Amy Ellen Schwartz and Leanna Stiefel. In Howard Wial, Hal Wolman, and Margery Austin Turner, Eds, Urban and Regional Policy and Its Effects. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 2008, pp. 181-205.
- “Continuing Isolation: Segregation in America Today.” In James H. Carr and Nandinee Kutty, editors, Segregation: The Rising Costs for America. Routledge, 2008, pp. 261-278.
- “Spillovers and Subsidized Housing: The Impact of Subsidized Rental Housing on Neighborhoods.” In Eric Belsky and Nicolas Retsinas, Eds., Revisiting Rental Housing. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008, pp. 144-158.
- “How Integrated Did we Become During the 1990s?” In John M. Goering, Ed., Fragile Rights in Cities. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007, pp. 123-142.
- “The Role of Cities in Providing Housing Assistance: A New York Perspective.” Co-authored with Michael H. Schill, Amy Ellen Schwartz, and Ioan Voicu. In Amy Ellen Schwartz, ed., City Taxes, City Spending: Essays in Honor of Dick Netzer. Northampton, Mass: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 2004, pp. 101-126. (PDF)
- “Do Neighborhoods Matter and Why?” Co-authored with Margery Turner. In John M. Goering and Judith D. Feins, eds., Choosing a Better Life? A Social Experiment in Leaving Poverty Behind: Evaluation of the Moving to Opportunity Program. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press, 2003, pp. 313-338.
- “A New White Flight? The Dynamics of Neighborhood Change in the 1980s.” In Nancy Foner, Ruben G. Rumbaut, and Steven J. Gold, eds., Immigration Research for a New Century: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. New York City: Russell Sage Foundation, 2000, pp. 423-441.
- “Spatial Stratification within U.S. Metropolitan Areas." In Alan Altshuler, William Morrill, Harold Wolman, and Faith Mitchell, eds., Metropolitan Governance and Urban Problems. Washington: National Academy Press, 1999, pp. 192-212.
Working Papers
- “Do Housing Vouchers Improve Academic Performance? Evidence from New York City” Co-authored with Amy Ellen Schwartz, Sarah Cordes, and Keren Horn. December 2016.
- “Trickle-Down or Crowd Out? The Effects of Income Growth Among the College Educated on the Consumption, Housing and Neighborhood Conditions of Low-Skill Households.” Co-authored with Davin Reed and Michael Suher. December 2016.
- “Crime and Neighborhood Change: Has Falling Crime Invited Gentrification?” Co-authored with Keren Horn and Davin Reed. October 2016.
- “Are Barrios Good or Bad? The Effects of Metropolitan Area Segregation on Latino Outcomes.” Co-authored with Jorge De la Roca and Justin Steil. September 2016.
- “Public Violence, Public Schools: The Impact of Neighborhood Violence on Student Performance.” Co-authored with Johanna Lacoe, Agustina Laurito, Patrick Sharkey, and Amy Ellen Schwartz.” June 2016.
- “Points for Place: Do Qualified Allocation Plans Shape Siting Patterns of LIHTC Developments” Co-authored with Keren Horn. February 2016.
- “Nobody’s Home: The Impact of Foreclosures on Neighborhood Crime.” Co-authored with Johanna Lacoe and Amy Ellen Schwartz. April 2014. (PDF)
Book Reviews, Comments, and Other Invited Publications
- “Fiscal Federalism and Middle-Income Housing Subsidies.” Cityscape. Forthcoming.
- “The Significance of Segregation in the 21st Century.” Co-authored with Jorge De la Roca and Justin Steil. City and Community. Published online March 29, 2016. (PDF)
- “Housing America’s Cities: Promising Policy Ideas for Affordable Housing.” In Edward Glaeser, Ed., The Next Urban Renaissance, October 2015. (PDF)
- “Housing Low-Income Households: Lessons from the Sharing Economy?” Housing Policy Debate, 25 (2015), 783-784. (PDF)
- “Density and Disaster: New Models of Disaster Recovery for Housing in High-Density Cities.” Co-authored with Vicki Been and Max Weselcouch. Journal of the American Planning Association, 80(2015): 372-372. (PDF)
- “Why it’s so Hard to Storm-Proof an Apartment Building.” Atlantic Cities, September 27, 2013.
- “Crime and Community Development.” In Nancy Andrews and David Erickson, Eds., Investing in What Works for America’s Communities: Essays on People, Places, and Purpose. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 2012.
- “Housing and the Great Recession.” Co-authored with Samuel Dastrup. Recession Trends. Stanford Center for Poverty and Inequality. (PDF)
- “Comment on ‘Are the Government-Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) Justified?’” Co-authored with Mark Willis. Housing Policy Debate, 22 (2012): 149-152.
- “Decoding the Foreclosure Crisis: Causes, Responses and Consequences.” Co-authored with Vicki Been, Sewin Chan, and Josiah Madar. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 30 (2011): 388-396.
- “Segmented Housing Markets.” Encyclopedia of Housing and Home, 2010.
- “Comment on ‘The Mediocrity of Government Subsidies to Mixed-Income Housing Projects.’” In Gregory Ingram and Yu-Hung Hong, International Land Policy. Cambridge, Mass: Lincoln Institute for Land Policy, forthcoming.
- “Neighbours and Neighbourhoods,” The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2008.
- “Supporting Integrative Choices.” Poverty and Research Race Action Council Newsletter, September/October 2008.
- “What do Business Improvement Districts do for Property Owners?” Co-authored with Rachel Meltzer and Amy Ellen Schwartz. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Taxation, Ninety-Ninth Annual Conference, 2007, 431-37
- “Comment on ‘Metropolitan Growth, Inequality, and Neighborhood Segregation by Income.’” Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs 2006.
- Book Review of Beyond Segregation: Multiracial and Multiethnic Neighborhoods in the United States by Michael Maly. City and Community 4(4), 2004.
- “Comment on ‘The Effects of Affordable and Multifamily Housing on Market Values of Nearby Homes.’” In Anthony Downs, Growth Management and Affordable Housing: Do They Conflict? Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2004.
- “Housing Production Subsidies and Neighborhood Revitalization: New York City’s Ten Year Capital Plan for Housing.” Co-authored with Michael Schill, Amy Ellen Schwartz, and Ioan Voicu. Economic Policy Review, June 2003.
- Book Review of Migration, Transnationalization, and Race in a Changing New York, edited by Hector R. Cordero-Guzman, Robert C. Smith, and Ramon Grosfoguel. Journal of the American Planning Association, 69 (1), 2003.
- “No Easy Answers: Cautionary Notes for Competitive Cities.” Co-authored with Amy Ellen Schwartz. The Brookings Review, Summer 2000.
- “Welcome Neighbors? New Evidence on the Possibility of Stable Racial Integration.” The Brookings Review, Winter 1997.
Research Reports
- “State of New York City’s Housing and Neighborhoods, 2015,” Co-authored with Jessica Yager and others. NYU Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy, 2016. (PDF)
- “Renting in America’s Largest Metropolitan Areas.” Co-authored with Brian Karfunkel. NYU Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy. March 2016. (PDF)
- “The Effects of Neighborhood Change on New York City Housing Authority Residents.” Co-authored with Sam Dastrup, Anna Jefferson and Max Weselcouch. May 2015. (PDF)
- “Renting in America’s Largest Cities.” Co-authored with Brian Karfunkel and Sean Capperis. NYU Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy. May 2015. (PDF)
- “Effect of QAP Incentives on the Location of LIHTC Properties.” Co-authored with Keren Horn, Yiwen Kuai, Roman Pazuniak, and Michael D. Williams. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, April 2015.
- “Accessibility of America’s Housing Stock: Analysis of the 2011 American Housing Survey (AHS).” Co-authored with Luke Bosher, Sewin Chan and Brian Karfunkel. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, April 2015.
- “Maintenance and Investments in Small Rental Properties: Findings from New York City and Baltimore.” Co-authored with Vicki Been and Ben Gross. October 2013. (PDF)
- “Do Federally Assisted Households Have Access to High Performing Public Schools?” Co-authored with Keren Horn. Washington, DC: PRRAC. 2012. (PDF)
- “Challenges Facing Housing Markets in the Next Decade: Developing a Policy-Relevant Research Agenda.” Co-authored with Vicki Been. NYU Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy, 2011.
- “Creating a Metric of Educational Opportunity for Assisted Households.” Co-authored with Keren Horn. Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2011. (PDF)
- “Kids and Foreclosures: New York City,” Co-authored with Vicki Been, Amy Ellen Schwartz and Leanna Stiefel. NYU Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy, 2010. (PDF)
- “Building Environmentally Sustainable Communities: A Framework for Inclusivity.” Co-authored with Vicki Been and others. NYU Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy and Urban Institute, 2010. (PDF)
- “The Impact of Supportive Housing on Surrounding Neighborhoods.” Co-authored with Vicki Been, Ioan Voicu, and Michael Gedal. December 2008. (PDF)
- “Community Development Corporations and Welfare Reform: Linkages, Roles, and Impacts.” Co-authored with David Wright, Michael Schill, and Richard Nathan. Report to the U.S. Dept of Housing and Urban Development, 2001.
- “Cautionary Notes for Competitive Cities.” Co-authored with Amy Ellen Schwartz. Prepared for Brookings Institution Conference on Competitive Cities, Chicago, April 2000.