Publications Tagged ‘segregation’
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White Paper
Building Environmentally Sustainable Communities: A Framework for Inclusivity PDF
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) has decided to include two key goals in all of its programs: encouraging sustainable communities and enhancing access to opportunity for lower-income people and people of color. This paper examines the relationship between these two goals through a literature review and an original empirical analysis of how these goals interact at the neighborhood and metropolitan area levels. We also offer policy recommendations for HUD.
Vicki Been, Mary Cunningham, Ingrid Gould Ellen, Adam Gordon, Joe Parilla, Margery Austin Turner, Sheryl Verlaine Whitney Aaron Yowell, and Ken Zimmerman. May 2010.
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Policy Brief
The High Cost of Segregation: The Relationship Between Racial Segregation and Subprime Lending PDF
This study examines whether the likelihood that borrowers of different races received a subprime loan varied depending on the level of racial segregation where they live. It looks both at the role of racial segregation in metropolitan areas across the country and at the role that neighborhood demographics within communities in New York City played.
Amy Armstrong, Vicki Been, Ingrid Gould Ellen, Josiah Madar. November 2009.
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Article
The High Cost of Segregation: Exploring Racial Disparities in High Cost Lending PDF
Research consistently has found evidence of significant racial disparities in the incidence
of subprime lending. This paper investigates the relationship between the residential
racial segregation in a metropolitan area and disparities in the share of loans members of
different racial groups in that area received that are subprime. Specifically, we evaluate
the impact that the extent of black-white and Hispanic-white segregation in each of about
200 of the country’s metropolitan areas has on the likelihood that a black or Hispanic
borrower in the area will receive a subprime loan. In addition, using data from New York
City, we examine how the concentration of different racial groups within a neighborhood
affects the probability that borrowers of all races living in the neighborhood will receive
subprime loans.Vicki Been, Ingrid Gould Ellen, Josiah Madar. Fordham Urban Law Journal. April 2009.
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Chapter
Continuing Isolation: Segregation in America Today LINK
“Segregation: The Rising Costs for America” documents how discriminatory practices in the housing markets through most of the past century, and that continue today, have produced extreme levels of residential segregation that result in significant disparities in access to good jobs, quality education, homeownership attainment and asset accumulation between minority and non-minority households.
Ingrid Gould Ellen. Segregation: The Rising Costs for America (Routledge). December 2008.
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Chapter
Do Economically Integrated Neighborhoods Have Economically Integrated Schools? LINK
The goal of this book, the first in a series, is to bring policymakers, practitioners, and scholars up to speed on the state of knowledge on various aspects of urban and regional policy. The authors take a fresh look at several different issues (e.g., economic development, education, land use) and conceptualize how each should be thought of. Once the contributors have presented the essence of what is known, as well as the likely implications, they identify the knowledge gaps that need to be filled for the successful formulation and implementation of urban and regional policy.
Ingrid Gould Ellen, Amy Ellen Schwartz, and Leanna Stiefel. Urban and Regional Policy and Its Effects (Urban Institute Press). December 2008.
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Article
Supporting Integrative Choices LINK
The author draws on her research on racially integrated neighborhoods—and in particular neighborhoods shared by white and black households—in order to suggest a few policies that might help to promote racial integration.
Ingrid Gould Ellen. Poverty and Research Race Action Council Newsletter. September 2008.
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Chapter
How Integrated Did We Become During the 1990s? LINK
Although levels of residential segregation remain undeniably high, this emphasis on segregation can obscure the fact that integrated communities do exist and, as one of the key findings here demonstrate, are becoming more, not less, common.
Ingrid Gould Ellen. Fragile Rights Within Cities (Rowman and Littlefield). December 2007.
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Article
Comment on ‘Metropolitan Growth, Inequality, and Neighborhood Segregation by Income’ LINK
Over the last three decades, residential segregation by income has become an increasingly important feature of the U.S. metropolitan landscape. From 1970 to 2000, income sorting grew in large cities. In the 1980s almost all American metropolitan areas experienced a rise in segregation of the rich from the poor, though these changes were slightly offset by modest declines in segregation during the 1990s. More than 85 percent of the U.S. metropolitan population lived in an area that was more segregated by income in 2000 than in 1970. The time trend in residential segregation by income hints that income inequality may play an explanatory role.
Ingrid Gould Ellen. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs . December 2006.
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Chapter
Do Neighborhoods Matter and Why? LINK
“Choosing a Better Life?” is the first distillation of years of research on the MTO project, the largest rigorously designed social experiment to investigate the consequences of moving low-income public housing residents to low-poverty neighborhoods. In this book, leading social scientists and policy experts examine the legislative and political foundations of the project, analyze the effects of MTO on lives of the families involved, and explore lessons learned from this important piece of U.S. social policy
Ingrid Gould Ellen & Margery Turner. Choosing A Better Life? A Social Experiment in Leaving Poverty Behind: Evaluation of the Moving to Opportunity Program (The Urban Institute Press). December 2003.
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Chapter
What Have We Learned from HUD’s Moving to Opportunity Program? LINK
“Choosing a Better Life?” is the first distillation of years of research on the MTO project, the largest rigorously designed social experiment to investigate the consequences of moving low-income public housing residents to low-poverty neighborhoods. In this book, leading social scientists and policy experts examine the legislative and political foundations of the project, analyze the effects of MTO on lives of the families involved, and explore lessons learned from this important piece of U.S. social policy
Ellen, Ingrid Gould and Margery Turner. Choosing a Better Life? A Social Experiment in Leaving Poverty Behind: Evaluation of the Moving to Opportunity Program (Urban Institute Press). May 2003.
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Article
Immigrant Children and Urban Schools: Evidence from NYC on Segregation and its Consequences LINK
For several decades, social scientists have tracked the fiscal health of American central cities with some degree of concern. Suburbanization, spawned by technological innovations, consumer preferences, and at least to some extent by government policy, has selectively pulled affluent households out of urban jurisdictions. The leaders of these jurisdictions are left with the prospect of satisfying more concentrated demands for services with a dwindling tax base, realizing that further increasing the burden they place on residents will simply drive more of them away. In the process, cities have become concentrated centers of poverty, joblessness, crime, and other social pathologies.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould, Katherine O’Regan, and Amy Ellen Schwartz. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs. December 2001.
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Book
Sharing America’s Neighborhoods: The Prospects for Stable, Racial Integration LINK
Instead of panic and “white flight” causing the rapid breakdown of racially integrated neighborhoods, the author argues, contemporary racial change is driven primarily by the decision of white households not to move into integrated neighborhoods when they are moving for reasons unrelated to race.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould. (Harvard University Press). December 2000.
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Article
Is Segregation Bad for Your Health? The Case of Low Birth Weight PDF
This paper explores the relationship between racial segregation and racial disparities in the prevalence of low birth weight. The paper has two parallel motivations. First, the disparities between black and white mothers in birth outcomes are large and persistent. Second, while there is a growing literature on the costs of racial segregation it has largely focused on economic outcomes such as education and employment.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, pp. 203-229. December 1999.
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Chapter
Spatial Stratification within US Metropolitan Areas LINK
In most metropolitan areas, central cities and older, inner-ring suburbs tend to have lower-skilled and less affluent populations, lower tax bases, as well as more deteriorated housing stocks and infrastructures, than their newer, outer-ring suburban neighbors. And the segregation becomes even more apparent if comparisons are made across individual neighborhoods within these jurisdictions.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould. Governance and Opportunity in Metropolitan America (National Academy Press). March 1999.
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Article
Spatial Inequality and the Distribution of Industrial Toxic Releases: Evidence From the 1990 TRI LINK
This research investigates environmental justice activists’ claims that pollution is unevenly distributed across communities in the United States. We examine three possible explanations for environmental inequity: racial discrimination, economic stratification, and urban ecology.
Daniels, Glynis and Samantha Friedman. Social Science Quarterly, 80 (2). March 1999.
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Article
The Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988: The First Decade PDF
Thirty years ago, Congress enacted the landmark Fair Housing Act of 1968, which outlawed for the first time private as well as public discrimination in housing. Twenty years later, Congress passed the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, a law that significantly expanded the scope of the original legislation and strengthened its enforcement mechanisms. Like most important pieces of Federal legislation, the Fair Housing Act and the 1988 Amendments Act embody a series of careful compromises crafted by members of Congress.
Schill, Michael H. and Samantha Friedman. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 4 (3), pp. 57-78. August 1998.
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Article
Stable, Racial Integration in the Contemporary United States: An Empirical Overview LINK
This article presents a broad empirical overview of the extent of racial integration in the contemporary United States. It begins with a discussion of how to measure stable racial integration in neighborhoods. Then, examining data from 34 metropolitan areas, it shows that while integrated neighborhoods containing blacks and whites are considerably less stable than more homogeneous communities, a majority remain integrated over time. Moreover, integration appears to be growing more viable, with racially integrated communities more likely to be stable during the 1980s than during the previous decade. The growing prevalence of stable, racially integrated neighborhoods is an important fact, running counter to the popular, and often self-fulfilling, view that integration is unviable. These communities offer important research opportunities as well. A better understanding of the circumstances under which racial integration seems to succeed will ultimately shed light on the causes of America’s undeniably extreme level of segregation.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould. Journal of Urban Affairs 20 (1), pp. 27-42. February 1998.
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Article
Coming to the Nuisance or Going to the Barrios LINK
Been, Vicki. Ecology Law Quarterly, 24(1), pp. 1-56. December 1996.