Publications Tagged ‘race’
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Chapter
Continuing Isolation: Segregation in America Today LINK
“Segregation: The Rising Costs for America” documents how discriminatory practices in the housing markets through most of the past century, and that continue today, have produced extreme levels of residential segregation that result in significant disparities in access to good jobs, quality education, homeownership attainment and asset accumulation between minority and non-minority households.
Ingrid Gould Ellen. Segregation: The Rising Costs for America (Routledge). December 2008.
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White Paper
Declining Credit and Growing Disparities: Key Findings from HMDA 2007 PDF
This analysis evaluates a recent decline in home purchase and refinance lending activity in New York City and the country as a whole, and identifies disparities in how that decline in lending has affected borrowers of different races.
Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy. October 2008.
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Article
Supporting Integrative Choices LINK
The author draws on her research on racially integrated neighborhoods—and in particular neighborhoods shared by white and black households—in order to suggest a few policies that might help to promote racial integration.
Ingrid Gould Ellen. Poverty and Research Race Action Council Newsletter. September 2008.
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Article
Disentangling the Racial Test Score Gap in a Large Urban School District: The Contribution of School LINK
We examine the size and distribution of the gap in test scores across races within New York City public schools and the factors that explain these gaps. While gaps are partially explained by differences in student characteristics, such as poverty, differences in schools attended are also important. At the same time, substantial within-school gaps remain and are only partly explained by differences in academic preparation across students from different race groups. Controlling for differences in classrooms attended explains little of the remaining gap, suggesting little role for within-school inequities in resources. There is some evidence that school characteristics matter. Race gaps are negatively correlated with school size—implying small schools may be helpful. In addition, the trade-off between the size and experience of the teaching staff in urban schools may carry unintended consequences for within-school race gaps.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould, Amy Ellen Schwartz, Leanna Stiefel. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. December 2007.
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Article
School Finance Court Cases and Disparate Racial Impact LINK
Although analyses of state school finance systems rarely focus on the distribution of funds to students of different races, the advent of racial discrimination as an issue in school finance court cases may change that situation. In this article, we describe the background, analyses, and results of plaintiffs’ testimony regarding racial discrimination in Campaign for Fiscal Equity Inc. v. State of New York. Plaintiffs employed multiple regression and public finance literature to show that New York State’s school finance system had a disparate racial impact on New York City students. We review the legal basis for disparate racial impact claims, with particular emphasis on the role of quantitative statistical work, and then describe the model we developed and estimated for the court case. Finally, we discuss the defendants’rebuttal, the Court’s decision, and conclude with observations about the role of analysis in judicial decision making in school finance.
Schwartz, Amy Ellen, Leanna Stiefel, Robert Berne, and Colin Chellman. Education and Urban Society, 37(2), pp 151-173. January 2005.
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Article
Immigrants and the Distribution of Resources within an Urban School District LINK
In New York City, where almost 14% of elementary school pupils are foreign-born and roughly half of these are “recent immigrants,” the impact of immigrant students on school resources may be important. While immigrant advocates worry about inequitable treatment of immigrant students, others worry that immigrants drain resources from native-born students. In this article, we explore the variation in school resources and the relationship to the representation of immigrant students. To what extent are variations in school resources explained by the presence of immigrants per se rather than by differences in student educational needs, such as poverty or language skills, or differences in other characteristics, such as race?
Schwartz, Amy Ellen and Leanna Stiefel. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 26(4), pp. 303 - 327. December 2003.
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Book
Sharing America’s Neighborhoods: The Prospects for Stable, Racial Integration LINK
Instead of panic and “white flight” causing the rapid breakdown of racially integrated neighborhoods, the author argues, contemporary racial change is driven primarily by the decision of white households not to move into integrated neighborhoods when they are moving for reasons unrelated to race.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould. (Harvard University Press). December 2000.
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Article
Race-Based Neighborhood Projection: A Proposed Framework for Understanding New Data LINK
This paper outlines the race-based, neighbourhood projection hypothesis which holds that, in choosing neighbourhoods, households care less about present racial composition than they do about expectations about future neighbourhood conditions, such as school quality, property values and crime. Race remains relevant, however, since households tend to associate a growing minority presence with structural decline. Using a unique data-set that links households to their neighbourhoods, this paper estimates both exit and entry models and then constructs a simple simulation model that predicts the course of racial change in different communities. Doing so, the paper concludes that the empirical evidence is more consistent with the race-based projection hypothesis than with other common explanations for neighbourhood racial transition.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould. Urban Studies, 37(9), pp. 1513-1533. July 2000.
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Chapter
New White Flight? The Dynamics of Neighborhood Change in the 1980s LINK
The rapid rise in immigration over the past few decades has transformed the American social landscape, while the need to understand its impact on society has led to a burgeoning research literature. Predominantly non-European and of varied cultural, social, and economic backgrounds, the new immigrants present analytic challenges that cannot be wholly met by traditional immigration studies.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould. Immigration Research for a New Century: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, pp. 423-441 (Russell Sage Foundation). January 2000.
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Article
Is Segregation Bad for Your Health? The Case of Low Birth Weight PDF
This paper explores the relationship between racial segregation and racial disparities in the prevalence of low birth weight. The paper has two parallel motivations. First, the disparities between black and white mothers in birth outcomes are large and persistent. Second, while there is a growing literature on the costs of racial segregation it has largely focused on economic outcomes such as education and employment.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, pp. 203-229. December 1999.
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Working Paper
Differences in Neighborhood Conditions Among Immigrants and Native-Born Children in New York City PDF
In this paper we use a specially created data set for New York City to evaluate whether the context of children’s neighborhoods varies by their immigrant status, and, if so, whether the relationship between neighborhood context and immigrant status varies by children’s race and ethnicity. Overall, when compared to native-born children, immigrant children live in neighborhoods with higher rates of teenage fertility, and higher percentages of students in local schools scoring below grade level in math and of persons receiving AFDC, but lower rates of juvenile detention. However, further comparisons revealed that race/ethnicity is by far a more potent predictor of where children live than is immigrant status per se. Specifically, we find evidence of a hierarchy of access to advantageous neighborhoods, whereby native- and foreign-born white children have access to the most-advantaged neighborhoods while native-born black children consistently live in the least-advantaged neighborhoods, as measured by our four indicators. In between these extremes, the relative ranking of foreign-born black and native- and foreign-born Hispanic children varies, depending on the measure of the neighborhood context.
Rosenbaum, Emily, Samantha Friedman and Michael H. Schill. July 1999.
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Working Paper
Nativity Differences in Neighborhood Quality Among New York City Households PDF
In this paper we add to the literature on locational attainment of immigrants by focusing on a broader range of neighborhood quality indicators that has been done before and by examining the foreign-born contingent of a given ethnic group separately from the native-born contingent of that group. Specifically, we evaluate in New York City how immigrant households compare to native-born households, overall and by race and ethnicity, with respect to neighborhood characteristics such as crime, health outcomes, poverty, and unsafe housing.
Rosenbaum, Emily, Samantha Friedman, Michael H. Schill and Hielke Buddelmeyer. Housing Policy Debate, Volume 10, Issue 3, Fannie Mae Foundation, (1999). November 1998.
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Article
Polarisation, Public Housing and Racial Minorities LINK
Cities in the US have become home to an increasing concentration of poor households, disproportionately composed of racial and ethnic minorities. In the US, poor and minority populations are overrepresented in public housing, mostly located in central cities. Racial and ethnic minorities in American public housing are, for the most part, composed of native-born households whereas in Europe they are more likely to be foreign-born. After a description of this concentration of poor and minority populations in public housing, we examine the effect of public housing on neighbourhood poverty rates in central cities. We construct a longitudinal database (1950-90) for four large cities-Boston, Cleveland, Detroit and Philadelphia—and examine the relationship between the location of public housing and changes in neighborhood poverty rates. We find that in each city, one or more of the variables relating to the existence of public housing is significantly related to increases in neighbourhood poverty rates in succeeding decades.
Carter, William H., Michael H. Schill, and Susan M. Wachter. Urban Studies, 35 (10), pp. 1889-1911. September 1998.
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Article
Stable, Racial Integration in the Contemporary United States: An Empirical Overview LINK
This article presents a broad empirical overview of the extent of racial integration in the contemporary United States. It begins with a discussion of how to measure stable racial integration in neighborhoods. Then, examining data from 34 metropolitan areas, it shows that while integrated neighborhoods containing blacks and whites are considerably less stable than more homogeneous communities, a majority remain integrated over time. Moreover, integration appears to be growing more viable, with racially integrated communities more likely to be stable during the 1980s than during the previous decade. The growing prevalence of stable, racially integrated neighborhoods is an important fact, running counter to the popular, and often self-fulfilling, view that integration is unviable. These communities offer important research opportunities as well. A better understanding of the circumstances under which racial integration seems to succeed will ultimately shed light on the causes of America’s undeniably extreme level of segregation.
Ellen, Ingrid Gould. Journal of Urban Affairs 20 (1), pp. 27-42. February 1998.